Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Current evidence for the use of coffee and caffeine to prevent age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease

  • Published:
The journal of nutrition, health & aging

Abstract

Although nothing has been proven conclusively to protect against cognitive aging, Alzheimer’s disease or related dementias, decades of research suggest that specific approaches including the consumption of coffee may be effective. While coffee and caffeine are known to enhance short-term memory and cognition, some limited research also suggests that long-term use may protect against cognitive decline or dementia. In vitro and pre-clinical animal models have identified plausible neuroprotective mechanisms of action of both caffeine and other bioactive components of coffee, though epidemiology has produced mixed results. Some studies suggest a protective association while others report no benefit. To our knowledge, no evidence has been gathered from randomized controlled trials. Although moderate consumption of caffeinated coffee is generally safe for healthy people, it may not be for everyone, since comorbidities and personal genetics influence potential benefits and risks. Future studies could include short-term clinical trials with biomarker outcomes to validate findings from pre-clinical models and improved epidemiological studies that incorporate more standardized methods of data collection and analysis. Given the enormous economic and emotional toll threatened by the current epidemic of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, it is critically important to validate potential prevention strategies such as coffee and caffeine.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abreu RV, Silva-Oliveira EM, Moraes MF, Pereira GS, Moraes-Santos T. Chronic coffee and caffeine ingestion effects on the cognitive function and antioxidant system of rat brains. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011;99:659–664.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Alhaider IA, Aleisa AM, Tran TT, Alkadhi KA. Caffeine prevents sleep loss-induced deficits in long-term potentiation and related signaling molecules in the dentate gyrus. Eur J Neurosci 2010;31:1368–1376.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Alhaider IA, Aleisa AM, Tran TT, Alzoubi KH, Alkadhi KA. Chronic caffeine treatment prevents sleep deprivation-induced impairment of cognitive function and synaptic plasticity. Sleep 2010;33:437–444.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). 1994. Ref Type: Edited Book

    Google Scholar 

  5. Amin N, Byrne E, Johnson J et al. Genome-wide association analysis of coffee drinking suggests association with CYP1A1/CYP1A2 and NRCAM. Mol Psychiatry 2012;17:1116–1129.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Andersen LF, Jacobs DR, Jr., Carlsen MH, Blomhoff R. Consumption of coffee is associated with reduced risk of death attributed to inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases in the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:1039–1046.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Andrade JP, Assuncao M. Protective effects of chronic green tea consumption on age-related neurodegeneration. Curr Pharm Des 2012;18:4–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Arab L, Biggs ML, O’Meara ES, Longstreth WT, Crane PK, Fitzpatrick AL. Gender differences in tea, coffee, and cognitive decline in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2011;27:553–566.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Arendash GW, Cao C. Caffeine and coffee as therapeutics against Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;20Suppl 1:S117–S126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Arendash GW, Schleif W, Rezai-Zadeh K, Jackson EK, Zacharia LC, Cracchiolo JR, Shippy D, Tan J. Caffeine protects Alzheimer’s mice against cognitive impairment and reduces brain beta-amyloid production. Neuroscience 2006;142:941–952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Benvenga S, Bartolone L, Pappalardo MA, Russo A, Lapa D, Giorgianni G, Saraceno G, Trimarchi F. Altered intestinal absorption of L-thyroxine caused by coffee. Thyroid 2008;18:293–301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bidel S, Hu G, Qiao Q, Jousilahti P, Antikainen R, Tuomilehto J. Coffee consumption and risk of total and cardiovascular mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2006;49:2618–2626.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bolandzadeh N, Davis JC, Tam R, Handy TC, Liu-Ambrose T. The association between cognitive function and white matter lesion location in older adults: a systematic review. BMC Neurol 2012;12:126.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Broussard GJ, Mytar J, Li RC, Klapstein GJ. The role of inflammatory processes in Alzheimer’s disease. Inflammopharmacology 2012;20:109–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Butt MS, Sultan MT. Coffee and its consumption: benefits and risks. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011;51:363–373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cai L, Ma D, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Wang P. The effect of coffee consumption on serum lipids: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012;66:872–877.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Canas PM, Porciuncula LO, Cunha GM, Silva CG, Machado NJ, Oliveira JM, Oliveira CR, Cunha RA. Adenosine A2A receptor blockade prevents synaptotoxicity and memory dysfunction caused by beta-amyloid peptides via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Neurosci 2009;29:14741–14751.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Cano-Marquina A, Tarin JJ, Cano A. The impact of coffee on health. Maturitas 2013;75:7–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Cao C, Cirrito JR, Lin X et al. Caffeine suppresses amyloid-beta levels in plasma and brain of Alzheimer’s disease transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2009;17:681–697.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cao C, Loewenstein DA, Lin X et al. High Blood caffeine levels in MCI linked to lack of progression to dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2012;30:559–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Cardenas C, Quesada AR, Medina MA. Anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of kahweol, a coffee diterpene. PLoS One 2011;6:e23407.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cardin R, Piciocchi M, Martines D, Scribano L, Petracco M, Farinati F. Effects of coffee consumption in chronic hepatitis C: A randomized controlled trial. Dig Liver Dis 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Cavin C, Holzhaeuser D, Scharf G, Constable A, Huber WW, Schilter B. Cafestol and kahweol, two coffee specific diterpenes with anticarcinogenic activity. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:1155–1163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Chen Y, Brown PH, Hu K, Black RM, Prior RL, Ou B, Chu YF. Supercritical CO2 decaffeination of unroasted coffee beans produces melanoidins with distinct NFkappaB inhibitory activity. J Food Sci 2011;76:H182–H186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Childs E, Hohoff C, Deckert J, Xu K, Badner J, de WH. Association between ADORA2A and DRD2 polymorphisms and caffeine-induced anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33:2791–2800.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chu YF, Chang WH, Black RM, Liu JR, Sompol P, Chen Y, Wei H, Zhao Q, Cheng IH. Crude caffeine reduces memory impairment and amyloid beta(1–42) levels in an Alzheimer’s mouse model. Food Chem 2012;135:2095–2102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Chu YF, Chen Y., Brown PH, Lyle BJ, Black RM, Cheng IH, Ou B, Prior RL. Bioactivities of crude caffeine: antioxidant activity, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition, and enhanced glucose uptake. Food Chemistry 2012;131:564–568.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cornelis MC, El-Sohemy A, Kabagambe EK, Campos H. Coffee, CYP1A2 genotype, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 2006;295:1135–1141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cornelis MC, Monda KL, Yu K et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies regions on 7p21 (AHR) and 15q24 (CYP1A2) as determinants of habitual caffeine consumption. PLoS Genet 2011;7:e1002033.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cunha RA, Agostinho PM. Chronic caffeine consumption prevents memory disturbance in different animal models of memory decline. J Alzheimers Dis 20 Suppl 2010;1:S95–116.

    Google Scholar 

  31. D’Archivio M, Filesi C, Vari R, Scazzocchio B, Masella R. Bioavailability of the polyphenols: status and controversies. Int J Mol Sci 2010;11:1321–1342.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Dacks PA, Shineman DW, Fillit HM. Current evidence for the clinical use of longchain polyunsaturated N-3 Fatty acids to prevent age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease. J Nutr Health Aging 2013;17:240–251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Daly JW. Caffeine analogs: biomedical impact. Cell Mol Life Sci 2007;64:2153–2169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Daviglus ML, Bell CC, Berrettini W et al. National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Statement: Preventing Alzheimer’s Disease and Cognitive Decline. 27(4), 1–30. 4-28-2010. Ref Type: Conference Proceeding

  35. Doecke JD, Laws SM, Faux NG et al. Blood-based protein biomarkers for diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2012;69:1318–1325.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Duarte JM, Agostinho PM, Carvalho RA, Cunha RA. Caffeine consumption prevents diabetes-induced memory impairment and synaptotoxicity in the hippocampus of NONcZNO10/LTJ mice. PLoS One 2012;7:e21899.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Duarte JM, Carvalho RA, Cunha RA, Gruetter R. Caffeine consumption attenuates neurochemical modifications in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Neurochem 2009;111:368–379.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Dugger BN, Boeve BF, Murray ME, Parisi JE, Fujishiro H, Dickson DW, Ferman TJ. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and subtypes in autopsy-confirmed dementia with Lewy bodies. Mov Disord 2012;27:72–78.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Eskelinen MH, Kivipelto M. Caffeine as a protective factor in dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;20Suppl 1:S167–S174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Eskelinen MH, Ngandu T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. Midlife coffee and tea drinking and the risk of late-life dementia: a population-based CAIDE study. J Alzheimers Dis 2009;16:85–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Fairweather-Tait SJ. Iron nutrition in the UK: getting the balance right. Proc Nutr Soc 2004;63:519–528.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Franceschi C, Capri M, Monti D et al. Inflammaging and anti-inflammaging: a systemic perspective on aging and longevity emerged from studies in humans. Mech Ageing Dev 2007;128:92–105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Fredholm BB, Battig K, Holmen J, Nehlig A, Zvartau EE. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol Rev 1999;51:83–133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Freedman ND, Park Y, Abnet CC, Hollenbeck AR, Sinha R. Association of coffee drinking with total and cause-specific mortality. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1891–1904.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Gelber RP, Petrovitch H, Masaki KH, Ross GW, White LR. Coffee intake in midlife and risk of dementia and its neuropathologic correlates. J Alzheimers Dis 2011;23:607–615.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Gertz BJ, Holland SD, Kline WF, Matuszewski BK, Freeman A, Quan H, Lasseter KC, Mucklow JC, Porras AG. Studies of the oral bioavailability of alendronate. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58:288–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Gevaerd MS, Takahashi RN, Silveira R, Da CC. Caffeine reverses the memory disruption induced by intra-nigral MPTP-injection in rats. Brain Res Bull 2001;55:101–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ginter E, Simko V. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, pandemic in 21st century. Adv Exp Med Biol 2012;771:42–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Gonthier MP, Verny MA, Besson C, Remesy C, Scalbert A. Chlorogenic acid bioavailability largely depends on its metabolism by the gut microflora in rats. J Nutr 2003;133:1853–1859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Goya L, Delgado-Andrade C, Rufian-Henares JA, Bravo L, Morales FJ. Effect of coffee melanoidin on human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Protection against oxidative stress induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007;51:536–545.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Greenberg JA, Dunbar CC, Schnoll R, Kokolis R, Kokolis S, Kassotis J. Caffeinated beverage intake and the risk of heart disease mortality in the elderly: a prospective analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:392–398.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hall JR, Wiechmann AR, Johnson LA, Edwards M, Barber RC, Winter AS, Singh M, O’Bryant SE. Biomarkers of vascular risk, systemic inflammation, and microvascular pathology and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2013;35:363–371.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hammar N, Andersson T, Alfredsson L, Reuterwall C, Nilsson T, Hallqvist J, Knutsson A, Ahlbom A. Association of boiled and filtered coffee with incidence of first nonfatal myocardial infarction: the SHEEP and the VHEEP study. J Intern Med 2003;253:653–659.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Hebert LE, Weuve J, Scherr PA, Evans DA. Alzheimer disease in the United States (2010–2050) estimated using the 2010 census. Neurology 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Heckman MA, Weil J, Gonzalez de ME. Caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) in foods: a comprehensive review on consumption, functionality, safety, and regulatory matters. J Food Sci 2010;75:R77–R87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Holmgren P, Norden-Pettersson L, Ahlner J. Caffeine fatalities—four case reports. Forensic Sci Int 2004;139:71–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Huang J, de PT, May JM. Antioxidant effects of dihydrocaffeic acid in human EA.hy926 endothelial cells. J Nutr Biochem 2004;15:722–729.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Johnson-Kozlow M, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E, Morton D. Coffee consumption and cognitive function among older adults. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:842–850.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Johnston KL, Clifford MN, Morgan LM. Coffee acutely modifies gastrointestinal hormone secretion and glucose tolerance in humans: glycemic effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:728–733.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Jorm AF. History of depression as a risk factor for dementia: an updated review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2001;35:776–781.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Josse AR, Da Costa LA, Campos H, El-Sohemy A. Associations between polymorphisms in the AHR and CYP1A1-CYP1A2 gene regions and habitual caffeine consumption. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:665–671.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ju YE, McLeland JS, Toedebusch CD, Xiong C, Fagan AM, Duntley SP, Morris JC, Holtzman DM. Sleep quality and preclinical Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol 2013;70:587–593.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kerrigan S, Lindsey T. Fatal caffeine overdose: two case reports. Forensic Sci Int 2005;153:67–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kyle J, Fox HC, Whalley LJ. Caffeine, cognition, and socioeconomic status. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;20Suppl 1:S151–S159.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Laitala VS, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Raiha I, Rinne JO, Silventoinen K. Coffee drinking in middle age is not associated with cognitive performance in old age. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:640–646.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Laitala VS, Kaprio J, Silventoinen K. Genetics of coffee consumption and its stability. Addiction 2008;103:2054–2061.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Lee KW, Chen W, Junn E et al. Enhanced phosphatase activity attenuates alphasynucleinopathy in a mouse model. J Neurosci 2011;31:6963–6971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Lee KW, Im JY, Woo JM et al. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of a coffee component in the MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotherapeutics 2013;10:143–153.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. LeGrady D, Dyer AR, Shekelle RB, Stamler J, Liu K, Paul O, Lepper M, Shryock AM. Coffee consumption and mortality in the Chicago Western Electric Company Study. Am J Epidemiol 1987;126:803–812.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Lindsay J, Laurin D, Verreault R, Hebert R, Helliwell B, Hill GB, McDowell I. Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:445–453.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Lindsted KD, Kuzma JW, Anderson JL. Coffee consumption and cause-specific mortality. Association with age at death and compression of mortality. J Clin Epidemiol 1992;45:733–742.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Liu J, Sui X, Lavie CJ, Hebert JR, Earnest CP, Zhang J, Blair SN. Association of Coffee Consumption With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. Mayo Clin Proc, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Lopez-Garcia E, van Dam RM, Li TY, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Hu FB. The relationship of coffee consumption with mortality. Ann Intern Med 148:904–914.

  74. Lopez-Garcia E, van Dam RM, Qi L, Hu FB. Coffee consumption and markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in healthy and diabetic women. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:888–893.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lublin A, Isoda F, Patel H, Yen K, Nguyen L, Hajje D, Schwartz M, Mobbs C. FDA-approved drugs that protect mammalian neurons from glucose toxicity slow aging dependent on cbp and protect against proteotoxicity. PLoS One 2011;6:e27762.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Lucas M, Mirzaei F, Pan A, Okereke OI, Willett WC, O’Reilly EJ, Koenen K, Ascherio A. Coffee, caffeine, and risk of depression among women. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:1571–1578.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lucas M, O’Reilly EJ, Pan A, Mirzaei F, Willett WC, Okereke OI, Ascherio A. Coffee, caffeine, and risk of completed suicide: Results from three prospective cohorts of American adults. World J Biol Psychiatry, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Luciano M, Zhu G, Kirk KM, Gordon SD, Heath AC, Montgomery GW, Martin NG. “No thanks, it keeps me awake”: the genetics of coffee-attributed sleep disturbance. Sleep 2007;30:1378–1386.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Maia L, de MA. Does caffeine intake protect from Alzheimer’s disease? Eur J Neurol 2002;9:377–382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Scalbert A, Remesy C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:230S–242S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Muley A, Muley P, Shah M. Coffee to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes?: a systematic review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2012;8:162–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Mullen W, Nemzer B, Ou B, Stalmach A, Hunter J, Clifford MN, Combet E. The antioxidant and chlorogenic acid profiles of whole coffee fruits are influenced by the extraction procedures. J Agric Food Chem 2011;59:3754–3762.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Narita Y, Inouye K. Kinetic analysis and mechanism on the inhibition of chlorogenic acid and its components against porcine pancreas alpha-amylase isozymes I and II. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:9218–9225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Nunes FM, Coimbra MA. Melanoidins from coffee infusions. Fractionation, chemical characterization, and effect of the degree of roast. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:3967–3977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. O’Banion MK. Cyclooxygenase-2: molecular biology, pharmacology, and neurobiology. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1999;13:45–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Olthof MR, Hollman PC, Katan MB. Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are absorbed in humans. J Nutr 2001;131:66–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Olthof MR, Hollman PC, Zock PL, Katan MB. Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid, present in coffee, or of black tea increases plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:532–538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Ownby RL, Crocco E, Acevedo A, John V, Loewenstein D. Depression and risk for Alzheimer disease: systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:530–538.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Zampelas A, Zeimbekis A, Chrysohoou C, Papademetriou L, Stefanadis C. The association between coffee consumption and plasma total homocysteine levels: the “ATTICA” study. Heart Vessels 2004;19:280–286.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Patwardhan RV, Desmond PV, Johnson RF, Schenker S. Impaired elimination of caffeine by oral contraceptive steroids. J Lab Clin Med 1980;95:603–608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Paur I, Balstad TR, Blomhoff R. Degree of roasting is the main determinant of the effects of coffee on NF-kappaB and EpRE. Free Radic Biol Med 2010;48:1218–1227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Pelligrino DA, Xu HL, Vetri F. Caffeine and the control of cerebral hemodynamics. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;20 Suppl 1:S51–S62.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Pendergrast M. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Changed Our World. 2010

    Google Scholar 

  94. Pham NM, Nanri A, Kurotani K, Kuwahara K, Kume A, Sato M, Hayabuchi H, Mizoue T. Green tea and coffee consumption is inversely associated with depressive symptoms in a Japanese working population — CORRIGENDUM. Public Health Nutr 1 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Popoli P, Pepponi R. Potential therapeutic relevance of adenosine A2B and A2A receptors in the central nervous system. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2012;11:664–674.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Porkka-Heiskanen T, Kalinchuk AV. Adenosine, energy metabolism and sleep homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev 2011;15:123–135.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Prasanthi JR, Dasari B, Marwarha G, Larson T, Chen X, Geiger JD, Ghribi O. Caffeine protects against oxidative stress and Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology in rabbit hippocampus induced by cholesterol-enriched diet. Free Radic Biol Med 2010;49:1212–1220.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Ramalakshmi K, Raghavan B. Caffeine in coffee: its removal. Why and how? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1999;39:441–456.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Reeves BC, Higgins JPT, Ramsay C, Shea B, Tugwell P, Wells GA. An introduction to methodological issues when including non-randomised studies in systematic reviews on the effects of interventions. Research Synthesis Methods 2013;4:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  100. Reichardt N, Gniechwitz D, Steinhart H, Bunzel M, Blaut M. Characterization of high molecular weight coffee fractions and their fermentation by human intestinal microbiota. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009;53:287–299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Ribeiro JA, Sebastiao AM. Caffeine and adenosine. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;20Suppl 1:S3–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Rietveld EC, Broekman MM, Houben JJ, Eskes TK, van Rossum JM. Rapid onset of an increase in caffeine residence time in young women due to oral contraceptive steroids. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1984;26:371–373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Ritchie K, Artero S, Portet F, Brickman A, Muraskin J, Beanino E, Ancelin ML, Carriere I. Caffeine, cognitive functioning, and white matter lesions in the elderly: establishing causality from epidemiological evidence. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;20Suppl 1:S161–S166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Ritchie K, Carriere I, de MA, Portet F, Dartigues JF, Rouaud O, Barberger-Gateau P, Ancelin ML. The neuroprotective effects of caffeine: a prospective population study (the Three City Study). Neurology 2007;69:536–545.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Rodriguez de Sotillo DV, Hadley M. Chlorogenic acid modifies plasma and liver concentrations of: cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and minerals in (fa/fa) Zucker rats. J Nutr Biochem 2002;13:717–726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Rodriguez de Sotillo DV, Hadley M, Sotillo JE. Insulin receptor exon 11+/− is expressed in Zucker (fa/fa) rats, and chlorogenic acid modifies their plasma insulin and liver protein and DNA. J Nutr Biochem 2006;17:63–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ 2007;335:1194–1199.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Rufian-Henares JA, Morales FJ. Effect of in vitro enzymatic digestion on antioxidant activity of coffee melanoidins and fractions. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:10016–10021.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Ruusunen A, Lehto SM, Tolmunen T, Mursu J, Kaplan GA, Voutilainen S. Coffee, tea and caffeine intake and the risk of severe depression in middle-aged Finnish men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Public Health Nutr 2010;13:1215–1220.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Santos C, Costa J, Santos J, Vaz-Carneiro A, Lunet N. Caffeine intake and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;20 Suppl 1:S187–S204.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Santos C, Lunet N, Azevedo A, de MA, Ritchie K, Barros H. Caffeine intake is associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline: a cohort study from Portugal. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;20Suppl 1:S175–S185.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, D’Agostino RB, Wilson PW, Wolf PA. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2002;346:476–483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Siasos G, Oikonomou E, Chrysohoou C et al. Consumption of a boiled Greek type of coffee is associated with improved endothelial function: The Ikaria Study. Vasc Med 2013;18:55–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Snel J, Lorist MM. Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition. Prog Brain Res 2011;190:105–117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Song J, Xu H, Liu F, Feng L. Tea and cognitive health in late life: current evidence and future directions. J Nutr Health Aging 2012;16:31–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Spinetta MJ, Woodlee MT, Feinberg LM, Stroud C, Schallert K, Cormack LK, Schallert T. Alcohol-induced retrograde memory impairment in rats: prevention by caffeine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008;201:361–371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Sugiyama K, Kuriyama S, Akhter M et al. Coffee consumption and mortality due to all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in Japanese women. J Nutr 2010;140:1007–1013.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Geller F et al. Sequence variants at CYP1A1-CYP1A2 and AHR associate with coffee consumption. Hum Mol Genet 2011;20:2071–2077.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Suzuki A, Fujii A, Yamamoto N et al. Improvement of hypertension and vascular dysfunction by hydroxyhydroquinone-free coffee in a genetic model of hypertension. FEBS Lett 2006;580:2317–2322.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Tagliazucchi D, Verzelloni E, Conte A. Effect of dietary melanoidins on lipid peroxidation during simulated gastric digestion: their possible role in the prevention of oxidative damage. J Agric Food Chem 2010;58:2513–2519.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Tamakoshi A, Lin Y, Kawado M, Yagyu K, Kikuchi S, Iso H. Effect of coffee consumption on all-cause and total cancer mortality: findings from the JACC study. Eur J Epidemiol 2011;26:285–293.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Trushina E, Dutta T, Persson XT, Mielke MM, Peterson RC (13 A.D.) Identification of Altered Metabolic Pathways in Plasma and CSF in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease Using Metabolomics. PLoS One 8

  123. Tunnicliffe JM, Shearer J. Coffee, glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance: physiological mechanisms and mediators. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008;33:1290–1300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Tverdal A, Stensvold I, Solvoll K, Foss OP, Lund-Larsen P, Bjartveit K. Coffee consumption and death from coronary heart disease in middle aged Norwegian men and women. BMJ 1990;300:566–569.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Tyas SL, Manfreda J, Strain LA, Montgomery PR. Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease: a population-based, longitudinal study in Manitoba, Canada. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30:590–597.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. U.S.Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 25. 2012. Ref Type: Pamphlet

  127. Umegaki H. Neurocognitive dysfunction in old diabetes: management and treatment. Adv Exp Med Biol 2012;771:465–470.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Urgert R, Essed N, van der Weg G, Kosmeijer-Schuil TG, Katan MB. Separate effects of the coffee diterpenes cafestol and kahweol on serum lipids and liver aminotransferases. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:519–524.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Urgert R, Weusten-Van der Wouw MP, Hovenier R, Meyboom S, Beynen AC, Katan MB (1997) Diterpenes from coffee beans decrease serum levels of lipoprotein(a) in humans: results from four randomised controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51:431–436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Van Boxtel MP, Schmitt JA, Bosma H, Jolles J. The effects of habitual caffeine use on cognitive change: a longitudinal perspective. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003;75:921–927.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. van Dijk AE, Olthof MR, Meeuse JC, Seebus E, Heine RJ, van Dam RM. Acute effects of decaffeinated coffee and the major coffee components chlorogenic acid and trigonelline on glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1023–1025.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. van Gelder BM, Buijsse B, Tijhuis M, Kalmijn S, Giampaoli S, Nissinen A, Kromhout D. Coffee consumption is inversely associated with cognitive decline in elderly European men: the FINE Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61:226–232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Vercambre MN, Berr C, Ritchie K, Kang JH. Caffeine and cognitive decline in elderly women at high vascular risk. J Alzheimers Dis 2013;35:413–421.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Vignoli JA, Bassoli DG, Benassi MT. Antioxidant activity, polyphenols, caffeine and melanoidins in soluble coffee: the influence of processing conditions and raw material. Food Chemistry 2011;124:863–868.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Vinson JA, Burnham BR, Nagendran MV. Randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, linear dose, crossover study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a green coffee bean extract in overweight subjects. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2012;5:21–27.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Wang Y, Ho CT. Polyphenolic chemistry of tea and coffee: a century of progress. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:8109–8114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Weusten-Van der Wouw MP, Katan MB, Viani R et al. Identity of the cholesterolraising factor from boiled coffee and its effects on liver function enzymes. J Lipid Res 1994;35:721–733.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Coffee and tea consumption in the Scottish Heart Health Study follow up: conflicting relations with coronary risk factors, coronary disease, and all cause mortality. J Epidemiol Community Health 1999;53:481–487.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Yamaguchi T, Chikama A, Mori K, Watanabe T, Shioya Y, Katsuragi Y, Tokimitsu I. Hydroxyhydroquinone-free coffee: a double-blind, randomized controlled doseresponse study of blood pressure. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008;18:408–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Yukawa GS, Mune M, Otani H, Tone Y, Liang XM, Iwahashi H, Sakamoto W. Effects of coffee consumption on oxidative susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins and serum lipid levels in humans. Biochemistry (Mosc ) 2004;69:70–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Zampelas A, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Stefanadis C. Associations between coffee consumption and inflammatory markers in healthy persons: the ATTICA study. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:862–867.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Zhao Y, Wang J, Ballevre O, Luo H, Zhang W. Antihypertensive effects and mechanisms of chlorogenic acids. Hypertens Res 2012;35:370–374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Zock PL, Katan MB, Merkus MP, van DM, Harryvan JL. Effect of a lipid-rich fraction from boiled coffee on serum cholesterol. Lancet 1990;335:1235–1237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation, 57 W. 57th St, Suite 904, NY, NY, USA

    A. J. Carman, P. A. Dacks, R. F. Lane, D. W. Shineman & H. M. Fillit

Authors
  1. A. J. Carman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. A. Dacks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. F. Lane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. D. W. Shineman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. H. M. Fillit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. J. Carman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Carman, A.J., Dacks, P.A., Lane, R.F. et al. Current evidence for the use of coffee and caffeine to prevent age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease. J Nutr Health Aging 18, 383–392 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-014-0021-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-014-0021-7

Key words

Search

Navigation